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![]() This reacts with iron oxide, causing it to separate from the metal surface. It is a product that speeds up the process of removing rust from a metal surface. Then apply an underbody wax (on the undercarriage of a vehicle, for example) for long-term rust prevention. It may take two to four coats to fully convert a surface. This means the converter has finished curing. Wait for the entire rusted surface to turn purplish-black. Painted or coated surfaces - Rust converters won’t fully cure these, and the surface will stay sticky when they’re applied.īefore applying a converter, use a wire brush or wheel to slough off flaking rust from the area to be protected (rather than sealing it in), then clean and degrease it so that any contaminants present won’t interfere with the conversion of iron oxide.If you want to protect small rust spots with paint surrounding them, use a rust remover instead to saturate the area and get into those zones. If the surface is a mix of pre-existing paint and/or bare metal with rust, start with a rust encapsulator. Mixed surfaces - For example, rust and bare metal, or a mix of original paint and rust.Bare metal - If a rust converter is applied to clean metal, it could flash rust.Heavy, flaky rust - scaly rust that has begun pitting the surface and has covered all of the metal.Medium rust - areas completely covered in substantial rust but not mixed with bare metal or surrounded by other coatings. ![]() Vulnerable automotive parts that need rust converters include the undercarriage, the wheel wells, and the area around the windscreen or bumper. When to Use ItĪs equipment and vehicles age, they need regular rustproofing as protection from corrosion. It’s not UV-stable, however, and isn’t meant to be a top coat but a paintable primer. This layer acts as a barrier or protective coating.Ī converter eliminates the need to sandblast rust, so less time and energy is involved in the process. Its active ingredients, phosphoric acid or tannic acid (or a combination of both) and an organic polymer, convert iron oxide into an inert layer of iron phosphate, which is black. How Does It Work?Ī rust converter works as a two-part system with rust as the activator. They’re used extensively to restore, preserve, and stabilize iron-based items of historical importance, such as museum artifacts and collections, as well as architectural elements and outdoor sculpture.Ĭonservators utilize rust conversion products for artifacts not containing heavy chloride-induced corrosion (objects not heavy in salts or near saltwater). The National Center for Preservation Technology and Training ( NCPTT) explains that rust converters are essential in conservation. They are also used on domestic outdoor fittings and fixtures, like fences, gates, and iron railings. Rust converters are usually applied to objects difficult to sandblast, such as cars, trucks, trailers, industrial equipment and machinery, farming equipment, sheet metal, and the exteriors of storage tanks. Containing a complex organic chelate base and epoxy resin, the RC900 is free of lead, zinc, and chromium. It penetrates rust 7-10 times deeper than standard converters. Non-flammable and non-corrosive, its water-based formula isn’t toxic to humans and the environment.Īnother rust converter that we recommend for maximum effectiveness is Dinitrol RC900. It doubles as a surface latex primer that can be painted on. Our favorite is Corroseal Rust Converter and Metal Primer. This then paves the way for another product to do the rustproofing. Rather, they’re used to convert rust to an inert compound that forms a barrier layer against corrosion. Rust converters aren’t meant to be rust proofers. You need to apply a top coat to the surface after it is cured. Warning: Rust converters need 100% rust present for them to work correctly and to fully cure. All you need to do is dust off loose rust and clean soiled areas before application. Rust converters have the advantage of being less invasive, as they involve little preparation. A phosphoric acid-based rust converter prevents rust from returning, but it’s not the complete solution. They work best with rust that’s worse than a surface discoloration. Converters are typically applied to rust you can’t remove. This means heavily rusted areas are turned into a protective coating. What Is a Rust Converter?Ī rust converter is a water-based chemical treatment that turns iron oxide into a more stable form, such as iron tannate. Some metals, like bronze, can form a protective layer of corrosion called a “patina.” Iron corrosion, however, is destructive, not protective. Both converters and removers interfere with this process but in different ways. It results when oxygen naturally mixes with iron. Due to this, it as a stronger and harsher taste. The Robusta bean contains twice as much caffeine than the Arabica bean. This is because they are more vulnerable to pests and each tree produces less fruit than Robusta trees. Coffee made with Arabica will have a higher acidity but can have aromas or flavors of sugar, fruits, and berry tones.Īrabia beans are grown mostly in Latin America and are more expensive than Robusta because they are harder to produce. ![]() The Arabica bean tends to produce coffee that has a sweeter and softer taste. We have discussed the two main beans used in instant coffee in our previous blog, but here is a short recap of them! There are two main types of beans that can be found in the coffees you choose to drink. Read more about the history of instant coffee in our previous post. Rather than instant coffee powder, the coffee crystals were invented in 1910 by the chemist George Constant Louis Washington. However, in 1901, a more stable type of soluble coffee powder was created by a Japanese scientist, Satori Kato. He utilized what was called a “dry hot-air” process. It wasn’t until 1890 where a soluble instant coffee was invented by David Strand in New Zealand. The first type of instant coffee was created in 1771 in Britain called a “coffee compound”. It can even be used in cooking as a spice to create a variety of tastes. You can make a cup of coffee by dissolving it in water to make a quick espresso coffee or use it as an ingredient in baking to intensify the taste of chocolate desserts. Well, now how do you use instant espresso? These granules can be used in a variety of ways as they can be easily dissolved. ![]() After the espresso is finished brewing, the already brewed coffee grounds are taken and dehydrated into crystal granules. The first step of making it is by taking finely ground coffee beans and brewing it as an espresso. Instant espresso powder mix is made a bit differently than how instant coffee is. This type of machine was different in that it was semi-automatic and built in a more horizontal shape to allow the barista and customer to socialize while the espresso was being made. It wasn’t until around 1948 when the first modern type of espresso was invented by Ernesto Valente. The invention of this machine and others is what made espresso a more popular beverage, mostly drank in coffee houses. Because of that, the coffee it produced tasted more like brewed coffee we have today. The basis of this machine was to make coffee faster than the regular brewing method. The first espresso machine was invented by Luigi Bezzera in 1901. Although many coffee histories revolve around the type of bean or ways of drinking it, such as adding milk or cream, the history of the espresso directly influenced by the invention of the espresso machine. ![]() The espresso first appeared in Italy around the early 2th century. Let's explore the differences of instant coffee and instant espresso. With today’s busy society, it’s no wonder people are looking towards easier and faster coffee brewing methods. ![]() Interestingly, most of these sequenced cp genomes have a typical quadripartite structure with a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) separated by a large single-copy region (LSC) and a small single-copy region (SSC), and they ranged from 120 to 160 Kb in length ( Sugiura, 1992). Approximately, 644 plastid genomes in Viridiplantae have been sequenced and deposited in the NCBI Organelle Genome Resources 1, since the first reports of complete cp genome sequences from tobacco ( Shinozaki et al., 1986) and liverwort ( Ohyama et al., 1986) in 1986. In the genomic and post-genomic era, the mining of genomic information of plant organelles, especially the plant cp genome, is now also of interest. It has its own conservation organization called the “Save the Dawn Redwoods League,” and it has been listed as a critically endangered species (in the Red List) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( Walter and Gillett, 1998).Ĭhloroplasts, one member of a family of organelles and the key place for the photosynthetic processing in plants, have been assessed for their roles in plant physiology and biochemistry ( Neuhaus and Emes, 2000 Dyall et al., 2004). glyptostroboides has been the focus of much attention by plant scientists worldwide. Since it was first described in 1948 ( Hu and Cheng, 1948), M. glyptostroboides are restricted to an extremely enclosed valley that is 30 km (south–north) by 20 km (east–west), along with the jointed boundary of the Sichuan, Hubei, and Hunan provinces in central China ( Hu and Cheng, 1948 Bartholomew et al., 1983), even though it has been introduced and then planted worldwide after the 1940s. ![]() The distribution of remaining dark wood and stumps (diameter size in 2–4 m) covered by alluvial deposits, and the relic living trees of M. glyptostroboides is the only relict of this genus and was re-discovered in the early 1940s and denominated by Professors Hu and Cheng ( Hu and Cheng, 1948 Chaney, 1950 Hu, 1980 Yang, 1999). There were around 10 species in the Metasequoia genus, which were once widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere during the Cretaceous of the Mesozoic and in the Cenozoic. Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng, also known as the dawn redwood or ShuiShan in Chinese (endemic to China), is a well-known “living fossil” tree in plant taxonomy. glyptostroboides in plant systematics and evolution. glyptostroboides will be great helpful for further investigations of this endemic relict woody plant and for in-depth understanding of the evolutionary history of the coniferous cp genomes, especially for the position of M. The complete cp genome sequence information of M. Don and to Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata. glyptostroboides is a sister species to Cryptomeria japonica (L. Finally, phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that M. The five most divergent and five most conserved genes were determined and further phylogenetic analysis was performed among plant species, especially for related species in conifers. Comparison of the cp genome structure and gene order to those of several other land plants indicated that a copy of the inverted repeat (IR) region, which was found to be IR region A (IRA), was lost in the M. ![]() A total of 188 perfect microsatellites were detected through simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis and these were distributed unevenly within the cp genome. In this genome, 11 forward repeats, nine palindromic repeats, and 15 tandem repeats were detected. glyptostroboides cp genome is 131,887 bp in length, with a total of 117 genes comprised of 82 protein-coding genes, 31 tRNA genes and four rRNA genes. Here, we report the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence and the cp genomic features of M. glyptostroboides is the only remaining representative of this genus. There were around 10 species in the Metasequoia genus, which were widely spread across the Northern Hemisphere during the Cretaceous of the Mesozoic and in the Cenozoic. Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng is the only species in the genus Metasequoia Miki ex Hu et Cheng, which belongs to the Cupressaceae family. 3School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China.2College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.1Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.Jinhui Chen 1 †, Zhaodong Hao 1 †, Haibin Xu 2, Liming Yang 3, Guangxin Liu 2, Yu Sheng 1, Chen Zheng 1, Weiwei Zheng 1, Tielong Cheng 2* and Jisen Shi 1* ![]() Instantly find perfect rhymes as easily as entering a word and flex Rhyme Genie’s muscle with a powerful intelligent rhyme algorithm. All books in the series include activity pages following the story to extend the learning for the home or classroom. 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She is just a regular person that people don't notice or appreciate for the regular things that she does. Have you ever wanted to be someone else? Or wished for something that you didn't have? Normal Nina knows all about it. ![]() Overseas, the Japanese horror-styled world and story and the characters were well-received, but the controls and issues with players getting lost were commonly pointed out. Maiden of Black Water’s horror themes, type of scares, increased action focus, and mission-centric gameplay were all diversive in Japan. Kikuchi is asked about how players received the original release, and he says that because they changed the themes and type of horror with each game in the series, there was always a mix of positive and negative reception. ![]() Maiden of Black Water also focuses on a fear of water. ![]() He says that the Fatal Frame series focuses on letting players experience the dread and foreboding style of fear found in Japanese horror, while also having puzzles and combat using a special camera. Next, Kikuchi is asked to describe Maiden of Black Water. The Camera Obscura is a special camera that can exorcise ghosts by photographing them It is pointed out how the original release was a Wii U exclusive, and Kikuchi says that the number of platforms the remaster is being released on is due to them wanting as many people as possible to be able to play the game, especially since it is to commemorate the series’ twentieth anniversary. It was the twentieth anniversary, and it being a remaster, which led to this new release of Maiden of Black Water being possible. Kikuchi says that he did speak with series director Makoto Shibata a bit, as well as exchange ideas with new young employees who said that they joined because they are fans of the series, but nothing led to real projects. The Fatal Frame series had lain dormant since the original release of Maiden of Black Water in 2014, and the interviewer asks if there was any talk about doing anything with it internally. ![]() He says this is because the game was made to also surprise players who were touching the series for the first time. Kikuchi is asked if they had considered doing a compendium-style release of other previous games, and he says that their top priority was having as many people as possible to play Maiden of Black Water. The interviewer begins by asking Kikuchi what led to them deciding on making the remaster, and he says because the series has been supported by many people even after the release of the last game (the original version of Maiden of Black Water) in 2014, they hoped to be able to do something for the twentieth anniversary of the series in 2021, and that ended up being the remaster.Īs it has been a long time since the release of the original version, Kikuchi was worried about how the announcement would be received, and was relieved that people not just in Japan but all over the world reacted positively, and he thinks this shows how accepted Japanese horror is around the world Many horror games, including those developed in Japan, gravitate towards western-style horror, and Fatal Frame is one of a minority that instead draw from Japanese horror Fatal Frame series producer Keisuke Kikuchi was interviewed in the 19-26 August 2021 issue of Weekly Famitsu, in which he discusses the remastered version of Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water, previously announced for an Octorelease for the Switch, PS4, PS5, XB1, XBXS, and PC. ![]() Urban legend has it that the doctor threw himself off of the bell tower.Īs a child and a young man, Mengotti allowed these legends, and the sweeping vista visible from his home, to fire his imagination. ![]() He began lobotomizing and torturing the patients that came into his care, adding to the blood spilled on the island. There, it is said that the dark energy and spirits of the damned drove the doctor who worked there insane. In the early twentieth century, some of Poveglia’s old hospital structures, periodically used throughout the centuries, were converted into a hospital for the mentally ill. The second tale is that of the doctor at the sanitarium. If the urban legend is to be believed, there were over 160,000 people buried or burned in plague pits (mass graves) on Povegelia. Unfortunately, the Plague killed so quickly that victims who were supposedly shipped out never returned. According to popular urban legend in Venice, plague doctors would take shiploads of plague victims out to the island to keep them away from the populace. It had formerly been an abbey or convent, and so it was equipped with a church and outbuildings to serve as a quarantine. Poveglia is situated right in the Venetian lagoon. The first of course is the island’s posting as a plague quarantine. Mengotti explained to me, in an exclusive interview with the director, that there are two persistent folktales that pertain to Poveglia’s past and its dubious use in the Middle Ages. Though small and unimposing by day, Poveliga is shrouded deep in dark mystery and legend. Some of them, like the “Octogan”, date back to the Middle Ages, when Poveglia was a small port of call for ships bearing confirmed cases of the bubonic plague. It stands tall among the many other buildings and out buildings still extant. He spent his childhood days gazing at the white-washed bell tower, which at one point had been attached to a monastery. ![]() Mengotti grew up on the large island neighboring Poveglia. The Director Director Emanuele Mengotti and Cinematographer Edoardo Emanuele on the set of The Plague Doctor. His film, The Plague Doctor, is at once an exploration of the self and a tribute to one of the world’s most famous haunted locations, the Venetian island of Poveglia. The film maker may not ever replace the greatest of our local tavern heralds, but like any story teller, the film maker has a duty to tell the stories that drive them.įor director Emanuele Mengotti, the story he is preparing to tell the world has driven him since childhood. Though we’ve not lost any of our academic appreciation for the hearthside story or campsite tall tale, it cannot be denied that we as a species have moved into the art of mass producing our spoken heritage. ![]() Lightweight perforated Omni-Stretch fabric which offers high levels of ventilation with maintaining strength and mobility.Simply pack it up and post back to: 2W Distribution Ltd Unit 2 Mitton Rd Business Park. 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Steel pipe here for pressure applications is typically A53 welded (or sometimes seamless) or A106 seamless. I do know what centrifugally cast iron pipe is, and it is still used in drainage applications, but it is NOT joined by threading. I've never heard of "black iron pipe" before, and suspect that it is a misuse of the "black iron" description of non-galvanized black malleable iron fittings, misapplied to the pipe which is STEEL I am unaware of an ASTM designation for anything called "black iron pipe". That link that John R Baker posted is very confusing. These fittings are also made in cast stainless steels such as CF8 (304) and CF8M (316).ģ000# threaded fittings are generally A105 carbon steel forgings, not castings.ģ00# malleable iron fittings do exist, and just to make confusion more likely, they have dimensions very similar to 3000# forged steel fittings. If you find a 150# threaded fitting which sticks to a magnet, it is almost certain to be malleable iron, whether it is galvanized or black (not galvanized). Iron steel pipes corrode easily in water, and minerals in the pipe can dissolve in the water and clog the pipe as well.Gray cast iron threaded fittings in small sizes (1/2-2") are no longer available, or if they are, they're rare enough that I've never seen one in the ~ 25 yrs I've been dealing with fittings on a daily basis. On the other hand, malleable cast iron steel pipe is not suitable for water transport. With this in mind, transporting natural gas in galvanized pipe is dangerous, so it is often used to carry water. Galvanized pipe has a zinc surface, so over time, minerals can flake off and clog the pipe. Black steel pipe has no coating and no steam is used in the manufacturing process, so it is widely used to deliver gases such as propane and natural gas to residential and commercial buildings. The main difference between Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings and galvanized pipe is its surface. ![]() It is called black iron pipe because of its dark surface color, which is formed from iron oxide during the manufacturing process. Carbon steel fittings are also most often used in fire sprinkler systems because of their high heat resistance black malleable iron fittings are also used in water supply piping because of their resistance to water damage. Carbon steel fittings are used in residential applications to transport natural gas and propane gas.Ĭarbon steel fittings are manufactured as Seamless Steel Pipe, which makes it a better type for natural gas transportation and fire sprinkler systems because it provides better protection against fire than galvanized pipe. Galvanized fittings should not be used for gas applications.īlack malleable cast iron fittings are used to make connections to carbon steel fittings. The main advantage of using galvanized fittings is that they offer superior rust resistance compared to black and carbon steel fittings. While they work best in cold water piping, they can also be used for hot water. Galvanized pipe and fittings can be used in most applications, with the exception of underground pipelines. ![]() Galvanized pipe fittings are used in a myriad of outdoor and industrial applications because of the material's ability to resist corrosion and salt. Galvanized pipe is primarily used to supply water to homes and commercial buildings it is also used as scaffold framing due to its rust protection. Galvanized fittings are covered with a layer of zinc, which makes these fittings more resistant to corrosion and helps prevent the accumulation of mineral deposits that can clog pipes. For transportation, black malleable iron fittings are more susceptible to erosion than galvanized pipe, making it more suitable for transporting gases, while galvanized pipe is suitable for transporting water rather than gases. As a result, galvanized pipe is more durable. Both black malleable iron fittings and galvanized pipe are made of steel however, galvanized pipe has a zinc coating, while black pipe does not. Black Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings and galvanized steel pipe fittings are the two most common types of pipe used to transport liquids and gases. |